Synthetic Oil Has Four Main Purposes Engineering Essay

Synthetic Oil Has Four Main Purposes Engineering Essay Graphite grease is used to lubricate in high temperature environments. Graphite can dissipate more heat than some other lubricants. For example, graphite grease can often handle more heat than natural bearing grease. Graphite grease is often used on linkages as it can stick to them and will not evaporate like oils do. This lubricates both surfaces and reduces the amount of energy needed to move them. Cutting fluid is used in cutting machinery to keep the cutting tool and the item being milled at a stable temperature, prevent rust forming on the item being milled or the cutting tool, to prolong the life of the cutting head by lubricating the cutting edge and prevent tip welding and to clean away shards of metal caused by the milling of the metal. CNC routers use cutting fluid pumped to the cutting head from a reservoir of cutting fluid. This cutting fluid is usually an oil-water emulsion. The cutting fluid is applied directly at the point of cutting to reduce and keep the temperature of the cutting area stable which is critical when working to small tolerances. The addition of the cutting fluid provides lubrication which in turn lowers the amount of heat generated at the working edge reducing thermal expansion and allowing for a more accurate cut. The reduction in friction also reduces tip welding to the milled part. The application of the cutting fluid coats the head of both the cutting tool and milling area to prevent oxidisation of the new surface being milled and the new surface of the cutting head caused by the wear of the cutting process prolonging the life of the cutting head. The flow of cutting fluid across the cutting surface removes the metal swarf from the area creating a better quality finish to the milled part. These metal shards get removed from the cutting fluid before it gets back to the reservoir by a strainer. This prevents damage to the fluid pump and contamination of the cutting fluid heading back to the milling surface. http://media.insidewoodworking.com/cnc-milling-machine-a1.jpg Question 2 Engine of a family car In a combustion engine of a family car, where the oil is kept is called the sump. This is where the oil pump takes the oil from to distribute it around the engine. The oil then passes through a filter to remove dirt particles from the oil before it gets to the vital parts of the engine. The oil gets distributed around the engine through oil galleries. These oil galleries have spurt holes in them which direct oil to the parts where it is needed such as cylinders and bearings. To maintain this system oil and filter change must be done when the manufacture recommends. To do this you need a new filter, around 4 litters of the correct grade of oil and a new sump plug seal. To start you need to get the engine oil warm to make it thinner. To do this you need to take the car for a drive and get it up to operating temperature. Once it is up to temperatures place it on level ground with the handbrake on and in gear, and jack the front of the vehicle up so you have access to the sump plug. Get a container for the oil to pour in to and undo the sump plug. Once removed, check the magnet on the end of the sump plug for excessive and large chunks of metal which is a sign of engine wear. While the old oil is being drained off remove the oil filter being careful not to spill the oil that will still be in it. To fit a new filter, make sure that a smear of oil is placed around the rubber seal to get a better seal and then screw on until tight. Replace the sump plug gasket and screw the sump plug back into the sump, nipping up with the appropriate tool. Then start filling the engine up with the new oil checking the level on the dipstick. When the oil level reaches in between the two notches it is safe to start the engine and bring it up to temperature. Once it has been run check for oil leaks and the oil level. Positive displacement air compressor The lubrication system of an air compressor uses the dip and splash method. This consists of a hook cast of bolted in to the crankshaft which dips the hook into oil in the sump and brings it back out again causing it to splash oil around the inside of the engine. This system is used because it is cheep and easy to maintain. To maintain the system it is simply a process of undoing the sump plug, letting the oil drain out, putting the sump plug back in and filling up with oil. This system does not have an oil filter and pipe work which is the reason why it is cheep and easy to maintain. http://www.dansmc.com/splash_lube2.jpg Multi-head machining centre Machining centres use multiple lubrication heads and nozzles to get different types of lubrication effects i.e mist and flood. A pump takes pre mixed cutting fluid from a reservoir through a filter to a nozzle which delivers it to the cutting surface. Excess cutting fluid then runs away from cutting area and into an oil catch. At the bottom of this oil catch is a strainer which takes out metal shavings and debris from the cutting fluid that the fluid removed from the milling area. The cutting fluid then falls back to the oil reservoir where it becomes ready to use again. To maintain this system the cutting fluid needs to be renewed as over time it degrades and bacteria colonize within it making it smell and hence becomes a health hazard. Cutting fluid must be disposed of in the correct way because if it is disposed of incorrectly it is harmful to the environment. The reservoir, piping and pump must be cleaned out with disinfectant to kill off the bacterial colonies. The reservoir mus t then be topped up with the correct mixture of cutting oil and water. Question 3 An engine in a red bull air race series plane is subjected to extreme g-force and inversions. For the engine to remain lubricated at all times they cannot use a conventional wet sump due to the inversions that the planes do throughout the course. To combat this they use a dry sump in which the oil is stored in an oil tank, not at the bottom of the engine in an open sump. This oil tank can be any size the manufacturer would like and can be placed anywhere on the aircraft. The oil is collected by a flop tube so the oil can be collected under any amount of g-force or inversion to maintain oil pressure through out the flight. The oil is pumped from the storage tank through oil galleys and spurt holes to lubricate the engines vital parts such as the cylinders, crankshaft and camshafts. The oil then falls to the base of the engine like it does in a wet sump system. The oil collects in an oil pan at the base of the engine and is then pumped to the oil storage tank via an oil cooler. The pum p used for this is a special pump called a scavenger pump which has to be more tolerant of entrained gasses than a standard pressure pump as it will not be constantly sucking oil due to the small amount being used in the engine. This maintains the least amount of oil in the engine at all times. A dry sump system is used in acrobatic planes for a number of reasons. If a conventional wet sump system was used during inversions and changes from positive to negative g-force the oil from the sump would flood the engine causing the engine to cut out and leaving the pilot of the aircraft in difficulties. Changes in direction on the long banked curves found on the red bull air race courses would cause the oil to move to one side of the sump in a wet sump system potentially starving the oil pump causing a drop in oil pressure increasing the risk of serious wear on the engine which could cause engine failure over time. A benefit of using a dry sump is that the engine can be mounted lower down in the aircraft due to not having a deep sump pan so the weight can be kept lower down helping with aerodynamic stability. Another benefit of using this method of lubrication is that the crank shaft cannot become immersed in oil which would reduce the power generated by the engine. This not only makes the plane safer due to there being no risk of fluctuation in power but also means more power can be developed from smaller engines, in some cases up to 15bhp. Overall the dry sump system is vital to the operation of acrobatic aircraft because without it, it would not be able to perform the stunts and acrobatic manoeuvres required in the red bull air race system.

AlfredHitchcock, Essay

Final Paper Mamet and Hitchcock’s Suspenseful Similarities While comparing the film’s Strangers on a Train, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and The Spanish Prisoner directed by David Mamet, two suspenseful mysteries unfold. In this essay I will compare both directors use of themes, tones, and camera effects to convey the thrilling story of a confused and tortured protagonist. While they are different plotlines, both stories overlap in many ways. Perhaps Mamet may have even made an homage to Hitchcock’s Strangers on a Train by mirroring various scenes and themes in The Spanish Prisoner. Strangers on a Train is the story of two strangers that meet on a train, but it is hardly that simple. One a tennis star, Guy Haines, and the other, a wealthy psychopath Bruno Anthony. Bruno proposes a scheme to Guy to kill someone the other person wants to dispose of, a â€Å"criss-cross†. Unknowingly, Guy agrees to kill Bruno’s enemy and vice versa. Bruno kills Guy’s wife that he had been trying to divorce, and expects Guy to kill his father. They get mixed up in a cat a dog chase of murder and confusion, which ended with Bruno’s death and Guy marrying the women he loved, Anne Morton. The Spanish Prisoner is titled from a con game that traps a mark into turning over thousands of dollars to scam artists. David Mamet character Joe Ross is a math genius that devised a â€Å"process† that will earn his company billions of dollars. The process is the maguffin (a typical trait of Hitchcock); we never find out what the process is, only that rival Japanese corporations will do anything to steal it. Joe Ross ends up happily ever after similarly to Guy Haines. Both stories reflect one another in multiple ways. One is that Bruno the sympathetic villain in Hitchcock’s Strangers on a Train that we love and hate is very similar to that of Julian ‘Jimmy’ Dell who elaborately tried to steal the process. We grow relationships with Jimmy Dell and with Bruno Anthony; they are both the catalyst of all bad that comes to the protagonist, yet each director makes them appealing and loveable. Both plotlines are obviously different, but Joe Ross is a similar reflection of Hitchcock’s creation of Guy Haines as well. Both men are mixed up in what they thought were brief encounters with ice or eccentric strangers. Yet both men get fooled along the way and get entangled in a web of lies, murder, and deceit. Mamet mirrors Hitchcock storyline in various ways throughout the films with character similarities again and again. On the plane ride back to the States, Susan asks Joe the film’s signature question: â€Å"Who in the world is what they seem? † In this scene, instead of a train they are on an airplane, and instead of Bruno asking Guy a question, it is Susan to Joe. Inevitably they are the same. Susan endows doubt and a motive to do something out of character, much like Bruno’s question to Anthony, â€Å"My theory is that everybody is a potential murderer. Didn’t you ever want to kill somebody? Say one of those useless fellows Miriam was running around with? † Each character is stricken with a striking comment that unravels the rest of their fate. In the same scene in the airplane Joe responds to Susan by retreating to the plane’s bathroom to unwrap Dell’s gift, which turns out to be a first edition of Budge on Tennis. The tennis theme is another similarity echoed in Strangers on a Train. Guy Haines is a pro tennis player and many of the scenes have imagery of tennis. Metaphorically it could represent the mental state of characters or plot, the back and forth of sense and logic. Later when Joe is trying to meet up with lawyers to discuss the process in Central Park, he goes onto a carousel. Mamet does no mistake by copying Hitchcock’s carousel tool as a dizzying climactic point. The spinning of the carousel signifies the mental state of both protagonists at the time. Each is on the verge of a breakdown, not knowing who to trust or what to do next. Camera angles enhance the scene in Hitchcock’s version because he uses high angle shots and differential focus on the faces of the patrons riding the carousel while the background spins quickly it creates a highly suspenseful and memorable scene. Hitchcock also used that little carnie man who crawled under the moving carousel, I was in awe of the camera angles throughout this scene, it made me hold my breath. The scene from The Spanish Prisoner where Joe was in the carousel was not as thrilling, the tone was different, he just walked around it slowly. The tones of the two scenes are like night and day. Hitchcock’s is loud and scary, while Mamet’s is eerily quiet and somber. Thematically they both explain the mental state of the protagonist, but Hitchcock’s tone is intense, fast paced, and surreal at times, while Mamet’s tone is cerebral and realistic. Not only are the characters, the themes, and elements comparatively similar, but also many of Hitchcock’s trademarks are found in both movies. One is the falsely accused man. This is present in Guy Haines, as well as in Joe Ross. Each protagonist is being chased for a crime they didn’t commit. It is a classic trait of suspense thrillers and is defiantly a major part of each film. The second trait is the guilty woman. This is present in Susan in Spanish Prisoner, and in Miriam in Strangers on a Train. Both directors convey police as idiotic throughout the movie as well, which is another Hitchcock trait. The final element is the pathological deviant. This is present in Bruno Anthony and in Julian ‘Jimmy’ Dell. This is the figure that spun the web of lies and created a â€Å"trustworthy† bond while in reality being completely crazed for a purpose that is unattainable. While both movies are similar in their theme, tone, characters, and director traits, they also vary in ways that make them unique. Both the stories are well conveyed due to the director’s clear point of view. One was referencing the other, both were gripping and suspenseful tales of an innocent man trying to fix a problem that they cant seem to solve. Mamet’s mirroring of Hitchcock was done well, but Hitchcock’s surrealistic shots and character like the carnie make it more interesting and compelling of a movie to me.

What Makes A Money - 2079 Words

Nick Principali Business Ethics Professor Gil Morejon 12 June 2015 What Is Money? Money. What is it? On the surface, the answer to this question may seem awfully simple; money is what we use to get things we need and want. Yes, it is true that money is used to buy things, yet, upon closer examination it becomes clear that this answer is insufficient in providing us with a comprehensive definition. For example, what exactly about money makes it a valuable commodity that can be exchanged for goods and services? This query alone demonstrates just how obscure the essence of money really is. Considering how ubiquitous money has always been within civilized societies, it seems rather odd that its true nature still remains so enigmatic. Furthermore, how very peculiar it is that this social form which has undoubtedly led us to remarkable advances in technology, medicine, architecture, and many more facets of human life, may also be one of our most self-defeating behaviors as well. 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Biography of Joseph McCarthy, Controversial Senator

Joseph McCarthy was a United States Senator from Wisconsin whose crusade against suspected communists created a political frenzy in the early 1950s. The actions of McCarthy dominated the news to such a degree that the word McCarthyism entered the language to describe the hurling of unfounded accusations. The McCarthy Era, as it became known, lasted for only a few years, as McCarthy was eventually discredited and widely denounced. But the damage done by McCarthy was real. Careers were ruined and the countrys politics were changed by the senators reckless and bullying tactics. Fast Facts: Joseph McCarthy Known For: United States Senator whose crusade against suspected communists turned into a national panic in the early 1950sBorn: November 14, 1908 in Grand Chute, WisconsinParents: Timothy and Bridget McCarthyDied: May 2, 1957, Bethesda, MarylandEducation: Marquette UniversitySpouse: Jean Kerr (married 1953) Early Life Joseph McCarthy was born November 14, 1908 in Grand Chute, Wisconsin. His family were farmers, and Joseph was the fifth of nine children. After finishing grade school, at the age of 14, McCarthy began to work as a chicken farmer. He was successful, but at the age of 20 he returned to his education, beginning and completing high school in one year. He attended Marquette University for two years, studying engineering, before attending law school. He became an attorney in 1935. Entering Politics While practicing law in Wisconsin in the mid-1930s, McCarthy began to get involved in politics. He ran as a Democrat for a district attorney position in 1936, but lost. Switching to the Republican Party, he ran for the position of circuit court judge. He won, and at the age of 29 he took office as the youngest judge in Wisconsin. His earliest political campaigns showed hints of his future tactics. He lied about his opponents and inflated his own credentials. He seemed willing to do whatever he thought would help him to win. In World War II he served in the U.S. Marine Corps in the Pacific. He served as an intelligence officer in an aviation unit, and at times he volunteered to fly as an observer on combat aircraft. He later inflated that experience, claiming to have been a tail-gunner. He would even use the nickname Tail-Gunner Joe as part of his political campaigns. McCarthys name was placed on the ballot in a Wisconsin race for U.S. Senate in 1944, while he was still serving overseas. He lost that election, but it seemed to show that he had an opportunity to run for higher office. After leaving the service in 1945 he was again elected as a judge in Wisconsin. In 1946 McCarthy successfully ran for the U.S. Senate. He made no great impression on Capitol Hill for the first three years of his term, but in early 1950 that suddenly changed. Senator Joseph McCarthy in a typical pose, brandishing a document.   Bettmann/Getty Images Accusations and Fame McCarthy was scheduled to give a speech at a Republican Party event in Wheeling, West Virginia, on February 9, 1950. Instead of offering a mundane political speech, McCarthy claimed he possessed a list of 205 State Department employees who were members of the Communist Party. The stunning accusation by McCarthy was reported by wire services and soon became a national sensation. Within days he followed up his speech by writing a letter to President Harry S. Truman, demanding that Truman fire dozens of State Department employees. The Truman administration expressed skepticism over McCarthys supposed list of communists, which he would not divulge. Senator Joseph McCarthy and lawyer Roy Cohn. Getty Images   A Dominant Figure in America Accusations about communists were nothing new. The House Un-American Activities Committee had been holding hearings and accusing Americans of communist sympathies for several years by the time McCarthy began his anti-communist crusade. Americans had some reason to harbor fears of communism. Following the end of World War II, the Soviet Union had come to dominate Eastern Europe. The Soviets had detonated their own atomic bomb in 1949. And American troops began fighting against communist forces in Korea in 1950. McCarthys accusations about communism cells operating within the federal government found a receptive audience. His relentless and reckless tactics and bombastic style eventually created a national panic. In the 1950 midterm elections, McCarthy actively campaigned for Republican candidates. The candidates he supported won their races, and McCarthy was established as a political force in America. McCarthy often dominated the news. He spoke out constantly on the topic of communist subversion, and his bullying tactics tended to scare off critics. Even Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was no fan of McCarthy, avoided confronting him directly after he became president in 1953. At the beginning of the Eisenhower administration, McCarthy was placed on a Senate committee, the Government Operations Committee, where it was hoped he might fade back into obscurity. Instead, he became chair of a subcommittee, the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, which gave him a powerful new perch. With the help of a crafty and unethical young lawyer, Roy Cohn, McCarthy turned his subcommittee into a powerful force in America. He specialized in holding fiery hearings in which witnesses were bullied and threatened. Joseph McCarthy, left, and attorney Joseph Welch.   Robert Phillips/Getty Images The Army-McCarthy Hearings McCarthy had been receiving criticism since the beginning of his crusade in early 1950, but when he turned his attention to the U.S. Army in 1954, his position became vulnerable. McCarthy had been hurling accusations about communist influence in the Army. Intent on defending the institution against relentless and unfounded attacks, the Army hired a distinguished lawyer, Joseph Welch of Boston, Massachusetts. In a series of televised hearings, McCarthy and his counsel, Roy Cohn, smeared the reputations of Army officers while seeking to prove there was a widespread communism conspiracy in the Army. The most dramatic, and most widely remembered, moment in the hearings came after McCarthy and Cohn attacked a young man who worked in the Boston office of Welchs law firm. Welchs comment to McCarthy was reported on newspaper front pages the next day, and has become one of the most famous statements in any congressional hearing: Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency? The Army-McCarthy hearings were a turning point. From that point onward McCarthys career followed a downward trajectory. Decline and Death Even before McCarthy was shamed by Joseph Welch, the pioneering broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow had seriously diminished McCarthys power. In a landmark broadcast on March 9, 1954, Murrow showed clips which demonstrated McCarthys unfair and unethical tactics. With McCarthy weakened, a special Senate committee was formed to evaluate a resolution to censure McCarthy. On December 2, 1954, a vote was held in the Senate and McCarthy was officially censured. Following the official vote of Senate disapproval, McCarthys reckless crusading was effectively ended. McCarthy remained in the Senate, but he was a broken man. He drank heavily and was hospitalized. He died in Bethesda Naval Hospital on May 2, 1957. His official cause of death was listed as hepatitis, but it is believed he died of alcoholism. The legacy of Joseph McCarthy has generally been that his fiery career in the Senate stands as a warning against reckless accusations made against fellow Americans. And, of course, the term McCarthyism is still used to describe his style of accusatory tactics. Sources: McCarthy, Joseph. UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography, edited by Laura B. Tyle, vol. 7, UXL, 2003, pp. 1264-1267.McCarthy, Joseph Raymond. Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, edited by Donna Batten, 3rd ed., vol. 7, Gale, 2010, pp. 8-9.The Army-McCarthy Hearings. American Decades Primary Sources, edited by Cynthia Rose, vol. 6: 1950-1959, Gale, 2004, pp. 308-312.